Determinación de selenio en caprinos de la localidad de Peldehue, en la región metropolitana de Santiago de Chile / Selenium Determination in Goats in the Peldehue Zone, Metropolitan Area of Santiago de Chile

Resumen El selenio (Se) es un componente indispensable dentro de los sistemas antioxidantes del organismo animal, lo que permite su correcto mantenimiento y desarrollo. Por este motivo, su deficiencia se encuentra relacionada con una serie de trastornos oxidativos, que se traducen en una mala salud, reproducción y rendimiento productivo en general. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el balance metabólico nutricional de Se, a través de la medición de las concentraciones sanguíneas del mineral en un establecimiento rural ubicado en la zona central de Chile, en donde existen antecedentes de episodios de mortandad compatibles con su deficiencia. Para esto, se tomaron muestras sanguíneas de caprinos pertenecientes al establecimiento (n = 32), las cuales fueron analizadas mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica en el laboratorio de bioquímica de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, ubicado en Balcarce, Argentina. Se obtuvo un promedio de Se sanguíneo de 34,16 ± 14,81 ppb, en donde el 100 % de los animales analizados presentaron valores inadecuados para la especie. En el caso de los caprinos juveniles (n = 5), se obtuvo un promedio de 18,48 ± 8,51 ppb. En el ganado adulto (n = 27), los valores bordearon concentraciones de 8,12 y 63,35 ppb. Se concluye que existe una deficiencia de Se crítica en los animales muestreados pertenecientes al establecimiento ubicado en la zona central de Chile.

Abstract Selenium (Se) is a component indispensable for the antioxidant systems of animal bodies. It enables a correct maintenance and development. For this reason, a Se deficiency is associated with some oxidative disorders that result in bad health, bad reproduction and poor productive performance in general. This study aims to evaluate the Se nutritional metabolic balance by measuring the blood concentrations thereof in a farm located in Central Chile, with existing background of mortality events compatible with a Se deficiency. To do so, blood samples were taken from goats belonging to this farm (n = 32) that were subject to atomic absorption spectrophotometry at the biochemistry laboratory in the Agricultural Experimental Station, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, located in Balcarce, Argentina. Blood average Se was measured at 34.16 ± 14.81 ppb and 100% of the studied animals showed inappropriate values for this species. In the young goats (n = 5) the average value was 18.48 ± 8.51 ppb. In the adult goats (n = 27) the values were near 8.12 and 63.35 ppb. It is concluded that there is a critical Se deficiency in the sample taken from the farm located in Central Chile.

Zinc sérico en escolares / Serum Zinc in school children

Introducción: La primera infancia es una etapa fundamental en el desarrollo y crecimiento del ser humano, época donde el cerebro se desarrolla a la máxima velocidad. La alimentación, uno de los principales condicionantes del desarrollo y las deficiencias de micronutrientes, entre otros, son responsables de daños funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de zinc sérico en escolares y comparar resultados con estudios en la misma población de países latinos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo y comparativo en 116 niños escolares entre 7 a 12 años de edad, de la escuela básica primaria, del Municipio Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica, clínica y bioquímica. Resultados: Mayor frecuencia de niñas (52,6 por ciento) edad promedio de 8 años y 9 meses y de 8 años y 5 meses para los niños; peso promedio de 25,21 kg y talla de 124,49 cm para las niñas, y peso promedio 25,07 kg y talla de 125,75 cm para los niños. Se encontró una concentración promedio de zinc en los niños de 0,49 µg/mL, y en las niñas de 0,50 µg/mL. La mayoría de los resultados de cuatro países latinos revelaron que el promedio de zinc sérico estuvo entre 0,32 y 95,2 µg/dL. Conclusión: Los niños mostraron concentraciones de zinc séricos por debajo de los valores promedios establecidos. Es necesario implementar estrategias alimentarias para mejorar el estado nutricional del zinc en las poblaciones pediátricas en países de Latinoamérica(AU)

Introduction: Early childhood is a crucial stage in the growth and development of the human being; it is the time where the brain develops at maximum speed. Feeding, one of the main determining factors of development and micronutrient deficiencies, among others, are responsible for functional damage. Objective: To determine the concentration of serum zinc in school children and to compare results with studies in the same population of different Latin American countries. Methods: Prospective descriptive and comparative study in 116 school children between 7 to 12 years old of the Basic Primary school in Maracaibo Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anthropometric clinical and biochemical assessment was performed. Results: Higher frequency in girls (52.6 percent) of average age 8 years and 9 months, and 8 years and 5 months for boys; average weight of 25.21 kg and height of 124.49 cm for girls, and average weight of 25.07 kg and height of 125.75 cm for boys. It was found an average concentration of zinc of 0.49 µg/mL in boys, and of 0.50 µg/mL in girls. Most of the results of four Latin American countries revealed that the average serum zinc was between 0.32 and 95.2 µg/dL. Conclusion: Children showed serum zinc concentrations below the mean values set. It is necessary to implement food strategies to improve the nutritional status of zinc in pediatric populations of Latin American countries(AU)

Requerimiento de micronutrientes y oligoelementos

Se hace una revisión basada en evidencias de la importancia de los micronutrientes y oligoelementos en la dieta, durante el embarazo y posparto. El enfoque integral de la nutrición debe ser atendido en toda la vida reproductiva de la mujer, incluso antes de estar embarazada. La deficiencia de micronutrientes se ha visto asociada a diferentes riesgos que tienen que ver con defectos estructurales fetales. La suplementación multivitamínica en el embarazo ha probado ser muy efectiva para prevenir diversos problemas de salud, como la reducción de los recién nacidos con peso bajo, los pequeños para edad gestacional, así como la disminución de una serie de malformaciones congénitas, como los defectos del tubo neural, defectos cardiovasculares, paladar hendido y anomalías del tracto urinario. No se encuentra beneficios en la protección de defectos genéticos, como el Down, y tampoco parece que tienen alguna influencia en la mortalidad perinatal.

A brief evidencebased account on the importance of micronutrients and oligoelements in the diet during pregnancy and postpartum is done. An integral approach on nutrition must be given to women during reproductive life as well as before pregnancy. Micronutrient deficiencies have been associated with fetal structural defects risks. Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy has shown to be effective in the prevention of different health problems including low birth weight, small for gestational age, and birth defects including neural, cardiovascular, cleft palate and abnormalities of the urinary tract. There is no evidence of protection against genetic problems type Down syndrome, or in reduction of perinatal mortality.

Suplementos nutricionales orales a base de nuevos complejos de cobre, magnesio, manganeso y zinc

Suplementos nutricionales orales a base de nuevos complejos de cobre, magnesio, manganeso y zinc Los oligoelementos cobre, magnesio, manganeso y zinc intervienen en numerosos procesos metabólicos, enzimáticos, inmunológicos y tisulares, forman parte estructural de proteínas y pueden participar en la regulación de la expresión genética. La deficiencia de estos elementos esenciales dificulta el apropiado funcionamiento del organismo e induce el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades. Se debe garantizar la incorporación de oligoelementos a través de la dieta; sin embargo, la cantidad suministrada no siempre es suficiente y el uso de suplementos nutricionales convencionales presenta dos problemas; el primero se atribuye a la asociación de los metales a sales inorgánicas que generan una baja absorción e intolerancias a nivel gástrico y el segundo corresponde a las interacciones antagonistas entre diversos metales componentes de la formulación. Como una alternativa a los problemas mencionados, en este trabajo se propone la elaboración de tabletas para la administración oral de nuevos complejos de cobre, zinc, magnesio y manganeso ligados a los aminoácidos glicina y asparagina. En la síntesis de estos complejos, cada ligando se unió a duplas de cationes no antagonistas, se verificó la formación de los complejos por espectroscopía infrarroja, calorimetría de barrido diferencial, análisis termogravimétrico y difracción de rayos X de polvos, y se determinaron los tiempos de desintegración y de disolución in-vitro a las formas farmacéuticas finales.

Oral dietary supplements with copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc-based new complexes Oligoelements such as copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc are involved in several metabolic, enzymatic and immunological processes. They are also important for the integral tissue proteins and could be involved in gene expression regulation. The deficiency of these essential elements hampers the appropriate function of the body and may cause various diseases. Therefore, it is important to guarantee the incorporation of these trace elements in the diet, but the quantity provided is not always adequate for the optimum body performance. Currently, conventional nutritional supplements have two major problems. The first one is attributed to the association of inorganic salts with metals which might cause low absorption and gastric intolerance. The second problem is caused when several metals are present in a formulation which could lead to possible antagonistic interactions. For this reason, this study explores the development of cations (i.e., copper, zinc, magnesium and manganese) and amino acids (i.e., glycine and asparagine) new complexes formulated into compacts for oral administration. In each reaction, ligands were linked to non-antagonistic cation pairs. The complex formation was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. Compact disintegration and in-vitro dissolution tests for these complexes were also determined.

Proteinograma e teores de cobre, ferro e zinco no soro sanguíneo de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês com mastite experimental por staphylococcus aureus / Proteinogram and serum concentrations of copper, iron and zinc in Santa Inês ewes with staphylococcus aureus experimentally induced mastitis

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o proteinograma e os teores de cobre, ferro e zinco no soro sangüíneo de ovelhas com mastite induzida por cepa de campo de Staphylococcus aureus. Foram utilizadas 10 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, primíparas, recém-paridas, com aproximadamente dois anos de idade e bom estado nutricional. Inoculou-se na metade direita da glândula mamária 1,0x10(4) UFC/mL da bactéria, enquanto que a metade esquerda serviu como controle. Os animais foram acompanhados diariamente e a partir do diagnóstico clínico de mastite, procedeu-se colheita do material para realização do proteinograma sérico em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) e para determinação do teor plasmático de fibrinogênio e das concentrações séricas de cobre, ferro e zinco em 16 momentos a saber: antes da inoculação (controle) e 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 60h, 72h, 84h, 96h, 108h, 120h, 132h, 168h, 180h, 288h e 336h após a inoculação (p.i.). Todas as ovelhas apresentaram quadro clínico de mastite, com perda da funcionalidade da glândula mamária. O proteinograma permitiu a identificação de 23 proteínas, cujos pesos moleculares (PM) variaram de 26.000 a 185.000 dáltons (Da), incluindo proteínas de fase aguda, IgG e IgA. Notou-se aumento significativo nas concentrações de haptoglobina e ceruloplasmina, assim como de IgG e IgA. Não se constatou alteração nos teores de antitripisina e de glicoproteína ácida .Verificou-se diminuição nos teores de ferro e zinco e elevação na concentração de cobre. Constatou-se correlação positiva entre o teor plasmático de fibrinogênio e as concentrações séricas de ceruloplasmina (r=0,74), a haptoglobina (r=0,62) e IgA(r=0,62). Estes resultados mostram a importância das proteínas de fase aguda ceruloplasmina e haptoglobina como indicadores auxiliares da infecção intramamária de ovelhas, assim como ratifica a relevância do fibrinogênio como marcador inflamatório em razão de sua alta correlação com as proteínas...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Staphylococcus aureus experimentally induced mastitis on proteinogram and serum concentrations of cupper, iron and zinc levels of Santa Ines primiparous ewes . The right mammary gland of ten healthy ewes was inoculated with 1,0x10(4) UFC/mL of S. aureus. Clinical examination and determination of serum concentrations of proteins by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE), cupper, iron and zinc, as well plasma level of fibrinogen were measured before the inoculation (control) and 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 60h, 72h, 84h, 96h, 108h, 120h, 132h, 168h, 180h, 288h and 336h after bacteria inoculation. All animals experimentally infected presented clinical mastitis and subsequent loss of mammary gland function. The electrophoretogram allowed the identification of 23 proteins with molecular weights (MW) ranged from 26.000 to 185.000 daltons (Da) including acute-phase proteins, IgG and IgA. A significant increase (P<0,05) in haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, IgG and IgA concentrations was observed. Antitrypsin and acid glicoprotein concentrations did not alter. The levels of iron and zinc decreased and the cupper concentration increased . A positive correlation between plasma fibrinogen and serum ceruloplasmin (r=0.74), haptoglobin (r=0.62) and IgA (r=0.62) was also identified. Results showed the importance of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin as acute-phase proteins in ewes with intramammary infections and confirms fibrinogen as an inflammatory marker because its high correlation with specific proteins. The alterations in the serum levels of Cu, Fe and Zn suggest the action of inflammatory mediators triggered by S. aureus.

Influência da água termal e de seus oligoelementos na estabilidade e eficácia de formulações dermocosméticas / Influence of thermal water and its oligoelements in the stability and efficacy of dermocosmetics formulations

Introdução: a água termal vem sendo proposta como agente anti-inflamatório e hidratante leve. Posto que há rígido controle de qualidade e, portanto, dificuldade para sua extração do subsolo, um complexo de oligoelementos tem sido utilizado com finalidade equivalente. Objetivo: avaliar a estabilidade e a influência da água termal ou de seus oligoelementos em formulações cosmecêuticas, assim como os efeitos imediatos de sua aplicação na pele. Métodos: foram elaborados gel aquoso, gel-creme e emulsão acrescidos ou não de oligoelementos e submetidos à análise de estabilidade física. Na análise da eficácia, 15 voluntárias aplicaram nos antebraços as formulações que demonstraram melhor estabilidade.A avaliação objetiva dos efeitos imediatos e após duas horas, em relação à hidratação e textura da pele, foi realizada através de técnicas de biofísica e análise de imagem, antes e após a aplicação.A avaliação subjetiva foi obtida por questionário de percepção desses efeitos pelas voluntárias. Não foi avaliada a possível ação anti-inflamatória. Resultados: os géis foram considerados mais estáveis e selecionados para os testes de eficácia; também proporcionaram aumento do conteúdo aquoso do estrato córneo, e as águas apenas melhoraram a textura da pele. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos na avaliação subjetiva e objetiva foram coincidentes e sugeriram a utilidade do uso de cosmecêuticos com oligoelementos na hidratação da pele como coadjuvantes em tratamentos dermatológicos.

Background: It has been proposed that thermal water can be used as an anti-inflammatory and mild hydrating agent in the preparation of skincare formulations. However, due to the complex process and strict quality control associated with its extraction from the ground, an oligoelements complex that mimics the effects of thermal water on skin is being used instead. Objective:To evaluate the stability and effects of thermal water and its oligoelements in the formulation of cosmeceuticals, as well as their immediate effects on the skin. Methods: An aqueous gel, a gel cream and an emulsion were prepared with and without the addition of oligoelements and submitted to physical stability analysis.The more stable preparations were tested on study subjects' forearms. The objective evaluation of the effects on the skin's texture and hydration was conducted according to biophysical and image analysis techniques before, immediately after and 2 hours after application. Questionnaires assessed participants' subjective perceptions of the various formulations.The possible anti-inflammatory effects were not evaluated. Results: The effects of the more stable gel formulations were assessed on 15 study subjects.The gels increased the content of the aqueous corneum stratum, while the waters only produced an improvement of the skin's texture. Conclusion: The results obtained from the subjective and objective analyses coincided and suggested the usefulness of the oligoelements complex in cosmeceutical products for moisturizing the skin.

Accumulation of chromium and interaction with other elements in Chlorella vulgaris (Cloroficeae) and Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera).

Assays with Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Novakova, 1890 and Daphnia magna Straus, 1820 were performed to determine Cr and other elements concentration in tissues of both species by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), after being exposed to 150, 280 and 350 .g l-1Cr (VI). Interaction among Cu, Zn, Fe and Cr were also registered. In the control of C. vulgaris, the amount of Cr was < 4μg g-1; in the treatments with Cr (VI) the values were 47, 82 and 100 folds greater than the control for the lowest, intermediate and highest concentrations tested respectively. In the control of D. magna, the amount of Cr was <3 μg g-1; in the treatments with Cr (VI) the values were 14, 13 and 27 folds higher than the control for the lower, intermediate and higher Cr (VI) concentrations respectively, and from 3 to 9 times less than for C. vulgaris These results show that C. vulgaris is very efficient accumulator of Cr (VI) from polluted waters, and in consequence, it is proposed to be used in phytoremediation procedures.